Introduction
Protein folding is a complex process that is essential for life. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are linked together in a chain. The order of the amino acids determines the shape of the protein, which in turn determines its function. Protein folding is a dynamic process, and the shape of a protein can change depending on its environment.
Machine learning (ML) has been used to develop protein folding methods. ML methods can be trained on a dataset of known protein structures to learn how to predict the structure of new proteins. ML protein folding methods have been shown to be very accurate, and they are now being used to design new drugs and to understand the structure and function of proteins.
In this blog post, we will benchmark three ML protein folding methods: OmegaFold, ESM Fold, and AlphaFold. We will compare the running time and PLDDT (predicted-LDDT) score of these methods on a g5.2xlarge A10 GPU.
- ESMFold: ESMFold is a deep learning model designed to predict protein structures. It's known for its speed and efficiency in handling various protein lengths.
- OmegaFold: OmegaFold, another deep learning model, boasts its ability to predict protein structures with high accuracy.
- AlphaFold: Developed by DeepMind, AlphaFold has garnered considerable attention for its accuracy, becoming a leading tool in the field of protein folding prediction.
Benchmarking Method
To evaluate the performance of these models, we ran them on a machine equipped with an A10 GPU. We assessed the models based on two key parameters:
- Running Time: This is the time it takes for a model to predict the structure of a protein sequence.
- PLDDT Accuracy: PLDDT (predicted local distance difference test) score measures the accuracy of a model's predictions, with 1 being a perfect prediction and 0 being a completely incorrect prediction.
- Memory: This is the memory used by model on the CPU during the execution of the protein folding prediction.
- GPU MEMORY: This is the memory used by model on the GPU during the prediction.
ESMFold
ESMFold is a novel ML-based protein folding method that leverages the power of transformer models. The model benefits from the strengths of evolutionary covariance information and sequence-based features, improving upon the performance of previous models. ESMFold's strength lies in its ability to predict accurate tertiary structures even for proteins lacking homologous sequences in the database, effectively addressing the 'twilight zone' problem.
| Length | Running time | PLDDT | Memory | GPU MEMORY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | 1 | 0.84 | 13 GB | 16GB |
| 100 | 1 | 0.3 | 13 GB | 16GB |
| 200 | 4 | 0.77 | 13 GB | 16GB |
| 400 | 20 | 0.93 | 13 GB | 18 GB |
| 800 | 125 | 0.66 | 13 GB | 20GB |
| 1600 | FAILED (out of GPU Memory) | FAILED | FAILED | 24 GB |
OmegaFold
OmegaFold is a data-driven protein structure prediction tool. It utilizes sophisticated algorithms and large-scale protein structure data to predict protein structures with remarkable accuracy. OmegaFold's machine learning model learns from patterns in known protein structures to predict the structure of new proteins. Its approach is particularly effective for proteins that share some sequence similarity with known structures.
| Length | Running time | PLDDT | MEMORY | GPU MEMORY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | 3.66 | 0.86 | 10 GB | 6 GB |
| 100 | 7.42 | 0.39 | 10 GB | 7 GB |
| 200 | 34.07 | 0.65 | 10 GB | 8.5 GB |
| 400 | 110 | 0.76 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
| 800 | 1425 | 0.53 | 10 GB | 11 GB |
| 1600 | Failed (over 6000 s) | Failed | Failed | 17 GB |
AlphaFold (ColabFold)
AlphaFold, developed by DeepMind, is a revolutionary method that has set a new standard in protein folding prediction. It uses a transformer neural network to predict the distances and angles between amino acids, which it then folds into a 3D structure. AlphaFold's strength lies in its unparalleled accuracy, achieving a median Global Distance Test (GDT) score of over 90 on the CASP14 targets, effectively matching the precision of experimental methods.
| Length | Running time | PLDDT | MEMORY | GPU_MEMORY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | 45 | 0.89 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
| 100 | 55 | 0.38 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
| 200 | 91 | 0.55 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
| 400 | 210 | 0.82 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
| 800 | 810 | 0.54 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
| 1600 | 2800 | 0.41 | 10 GB | 10 GB |
As you can see, ESM Fold is the fastest method for sequences with length 50 and 100. However, it is not as accurate as Omega Fold or ColabFold. Omega Fold is the most accurate method, but it is not as fast as ESM Fold. ColabFold is the slowest method, but it is still very accurate.
In terms of memory usage, ESM Fold uses the most memory, followed by Omega Fold and ColabFold. This is because ESM Fold uses a larger model than Omega Fold and ColabFold.
In terms of GPU memory usage, ColabFold uses the least amount of GPU memory, followed by ESM Fold and OmegaFold. This is because ColabFold uses a more efficient GPU implementation than ESM Fold and OmegaFold.
OmegaFold's Superiority in Short Sequences
Based on these results, OmegaFold demonstrates considerable superiority when predicting shorter protein sequences. While it has a slightly longer running time compared to ESMFold, it shows better PLDDT accuracy and uses less memory, both on the CPU and GPU.
The memory efficiency of OmegaFold becomes especially important when serving the model in a production environment where resources can be limited and optimized usage is crucial. Furthermore, the higher PLDDT score for OmegaFold indicates better reliability of the protein structure predictions, making it an ideal choice for predicting short protein sequences in real-world applications.
- Cost: OmegaFold is more cost-effective than other protein folding methods because it requires less computing power to run. This is because OmegaFold is a more efficient model than other protein folding methods.
- Running time: OmegaFold is faster than other protein folding methods because it is a more efficient model. This means that OmegaFold can process more sequences in a shorter amount of time.
- Accuracy: OmegaFold is just as accurate as other protein folding methods, even on sequences with length less than 400.
In summary, OmegaFold's balance of speed, accuracy, and resource efficiency makes it an excellent choice for public-serving platforms, particularly for protein sequences with lengths up to 400. It provides an optimal trade-off between computational resources and the quality of predictions, making it a cost-effective tool in the field of protein folding prediction.
Therefore, OmegaFold is a better choice for serving on short sequences because it is faster and more accurate than ESM Fold and ColabFold. However, the best method for a particular application will depend on the specific requirements of that application.
Here are some additional details about the results in the table:
- ESM Fold is the fastest method for sequences with length 50 and 100. However, it is not as accurate as Omega Fold or ColabFold.
- Omega Fold is the most accurate method, but it is not as fast as ESM Fold.
- ColabFold is the slowest method, but it is still very accurate.
Conclusion
Each of these ML methods has significantly advanced the field of protein folding prediction. While AlphaFold currently leads in terms of accuracy, OmegaFold and ESMFold each offer unique strengths and can provide valuable insights in different contexts. As these methods continue to evolve, the potential for breakthroughs in understanding diseases, developing new drugs, and advancing synthetic biology is immense.
Keywords
- #ProteinFolding
- #MachineLearning
- #DeepLearning
- #Bioinformatics
- #ComputationalBiology
- #ESMFold
- #OmegaFold
- #AlphaFold
- #ProteinStructurePrediction
- #Benchmarking
- #PLDDT
- #MLBenchmarks